The reproductive ascospores of the fungus are produced within a unique structure, the spore cyst, or sporocyst. Molecules free fulltext cyclic synthetic peroxides. The pathogenic fungus ascosphaera apis is ubiquitous in honey bee populations. Water activity of the bee fungal pathogen ascosphaera apis in. In recent years, the number of pollinators in the world has significantly decreased. Ascosphaerales is primarily associated with larvae of bees and bee products 1,2. Microsatellite loci for the fungus ascosphaera apis.
Oise and four viruses cbpv, dwv, iapv and sbv in 17 pollen batches from two. New records of ascosphaera apis from north america by. Ascosphaera apis maassen ex claussen olive et spiltoir. Ascosphaera apis, the entomopathogenic fungus affecting. Adult bees are not affected by the parasite but they do carry it in their bodies and drop spores throughout the nest infecting young bees.
Conversion and hydrothermal decomposition of major components of mint essential oil by smallscale subcritical water treatment. In this study, the fine morphology and ultrastructure of an isolate, a. Total for java native java apis for the desktop, web. Oise and four viruses cbpv, dwv, iapv and sbv in 17 pollen batches from two major european pollen source regions spain and romania. Media in category ascosphaera the following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total.
We present a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the fungus ascosphaera apis, an economically important pathogen of the western honey bee apis mellifera that causes chalkbrood disease. Ascosphaera apis causes chalkbrood disease mainly in honey bees, a condition that may not necessarily be serious depending upon the hygienic behavior of the insects. The fungus ascosphaera apis is a worldwide fungal pathogen of honey bees. Constitutive and therapeutic benefits of plant resins and. Stonebrood, which affects both brood and adults, is also caused by a fungus, aspergillus flavus, which can usually be isolated from bees that have stonebrood. There are 28 known species worldwide, the majority of which are saprotrophs on pollen stores, honey, larval feces, and nesting material. The diseased nonhygienic colonies produced significantly less honey than the hygienic colonies. Ascosphaera apis ascosphaera apis, the cause of chalkbrood, was only diagnosed in six areas and was not found in others. Here, we report the firstever detection of the fungus in adult bumble bees that were raised in captivity for studies on colony development.
We used the draft genome assembly of this pathogen to search for polym. It can be regarded as the most widespread infectious disease in thailand and this has led to economic loss in apiculture. Beekeeping page at the university of georgia, with a large section on honey bee. It primarily infects alfalfa leafcutting bees, megachile rotundata. The fungus ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of chalkbrood disease in honeybee larvae, occurs throughout the world and is found in many beekeeping.
Diagnosis of honey bee diseases hachiro shimanuki and david a. Ascosphaera apis and paenibacillus larvae in samples of honey, bee pollen and royal jelly. Furthermore, the pcr markers can detect coinfections of multiple ascosphaera species in a single host. Pdf the fungus ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of chalkbrood disease in honeybee larvae, occurs throughout the world and is found in many. The larvae victims of this disease have a chalky white appearance. Pdf microsatellite loci for the fungus ascosphaera apis. We also identified a marker for ascosphaera apis, the predominant cause of chalkbrood in apis mellifera, the honey bee.
The disease has become widespread in the country as a. Ascosphaera apis, the entomopathogenic fungus affecting larvae of native bees xylocopa augusti. Transcriptome data of control and ascosphaera apis. To provide tools for understanding the dispersal history of. Resistance to american foulbrood disease by honey bee. Enzymatic activity of strains of ascosphaera apis, an. Ascosphaerales cause chalkbrood disease in larvae of bees.
The address for the corresponding author was captured as affiliation for all authors. The trade of bumble bees started in the early nineties for pollinatordependent greenhouse plants. Other articles where ascosphaera apis is discussed. Abstractbackgroundwe present a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the fungus ascosphaera apis, an economically important pathogen of the western honey bee apis mellifera that causes chalkbrood disease. Ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of bee chalk brood. To provide tools for understanding the dispersal history of this pathogen, strain differences in virulence, and hostpathogen interactions, we used the draft genome assembly of a.
Ascosphaera apis is the causative agent of the chalkbrood disease, a pathology affecting honey bee larvae that significantly harms population growth and colony productivity. Honey beecollected pollen is a potential source of. Transcriptome analysis of the honey bee fungal pathogen. In contrast 33% of the hygienic colonies developed clinical symptoms of chalkbrood after they were challenged with american foulbrood, but all recovered. One of the bestknown ascomycetous insect pathogens is ascosphaera plectomycetes. File format processing apis for multiple platforms aspose. Ascosphaera apis is the fungal cause of the honey bee apis mellifera larval disease chalkbrood. First detection of the larval chalkbrood disease pathogen. We investigated the fungistatic effect of cinnamic acid and pinocembrin on the pathogen ascosphaera apis causing chalkbrood disease in bee colonies in the laboratory with an agar diffusion test on malt extract agar. Ascosphaera apis is a dangerous entomopathogenic fungus, afflicting both honeybees and bumblebees. This article discusses the history of the spread of chalk brood in argentina. Ascosphaera apis is an obligate fungal pathogen of honeybee larvae that leads to chalkbrood, which causes heavy losses for the apiculture in china and many other countries. This test was developed for the applied biosystems 7500 fast instrument thermo fisher scientific, lightcycler 480 roche and for. Although chalk brood has a global distribution, little is known about australian strains of a.
We are exploring noninvasive treatment methods that both reduces mortality and preserves the edibility of the honey. Allen road, tucson, az 85719, usa received 11 may 1992. The value of propolis as a disinfectant agent in the bee hive is considerable. Pdf ascosphaera apis, the entomopathogenic fungus affecting. Manipulate word, excel, pdf, powerpoint, outlook and more than 100 other file formats using our native apis for. Ascosphaera apis is an intestinally infective, sporeforming, filamentous fungus that infects honeybees and causes deadly chalkbrood disease. Effect of the propolis components, cinnamic acid and. Chalkbrood is most frequent during damp conditions. Ascosphaera is a genus of fungi in the family ascosphaeraceae.
Therefore, guaranteeing pathogenfree bumble bees is fundamental. Nowadays, its rearing and transport have received public attention, since managed bees can transfer pathogens to wild bee populations. Ascosphaera apis is a fungal pathogen causing chalkbrood disease in honey bee larvae. Infected larvae turn chalky white color, become hard, and then turn black. Normally, as mentioned above, infected animals are usually only. Pdf inhibition of the growth of ascosphaera apis by.
The major protein source used in rearing facilities is honey beecollected pollen. Note enzymatic activity of strains ascosphaera apis, an entomopathogenic fungus of the honey bee, apis mellifera m gilliam, bj lorenz us department of agriculture, agricultural research service, carl hayden bee research center, 2000 e. Inhibitory effects of some medicinal plant extracts on the. Spores of this fungus germinate within the digestive tract of bees, then begin mycelial growth during the last instar of larval development. In vitro control of ascosphaera apis fungus by some plant extracts. Ascosphaera apis is a fungal pathogen of honey bee larvae genus apis and is responsible for chalkbrood disease. Pdf for reporting services export rdl reports to pdf and xps file formats from sql server reporting services.
The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize bacterial strains associated with the gut of the hybrid carniolan honey bee, apis mellifera carnica, and to determine their in vitro and in vivo potential against ascosphaera apis, the causal organism of chalkbrood disease, with the purpose of exploring feasible biological control. Spiltoir and olive 1955 established a new genus and family, ascosphaera and ascosphaeraceae, based upon this genus, since the name. Ascosphaera apis, the entomopathogenic fungus affecting larvae of. Factors affecting development of chalkbrood disease in colonies of. Sackettpersistence of chalkbrood ascosphaera apis in some north american honey bee colonies one year after infection. Apiary inspectors and beekeepers must be able to recognize bee diseases and parasites and to differentiate the serious diseases from the less important ones. It was originally described as pericystis apis maassen ex claussen, the incitant of european chalk brood of honey bee. Polymorphic dna sequences of the fungal honey bee pathogen. Spore morphology and ultrastructure of an ascosphaera apis. Using these methods, species identifications can be performed directly on bees, including asymptomatic individuals. Pcr diagnostic methods for ascosphaera infections in bees.
Product description mycoreal kit ascosphaera apis is a realtime pcr kit for detection of ascosphaera apis dna. Epidemiological survey of ascosphaera apis in smallscale. Some species are pathogenic and cause chalkbrood disease in larvae of social bees. One example of social immunity is the collection of plant resins by honey bees and the placement of the resins on the interior walls of the nest cavity. Pdf the fungus ascosphaera apis is a worldwide fungal pathogen of honey bees.
Ascosphaera apis is the fungus that causes chalkbrood disease in honey bees. Knox introduction inspection for bee diseases is an important part of beekeeping. Aare0000 ascosphaera apis arsef 7405 strain usdaarsef 7405, whole genome shotgun sequencing project references qin x, et al. Ascosphaera apis rarely kills a colony, but the loss of larvae leads to a reduction in the adult bee population and so the production of honey and pollen and. Its presence or absence could not be confirmed in six areas where traditional hives were found. In this article, guts of 4, 5, 6dayold apis mellifera ligustica larvae challenged by a. Genome sequences of the honey bee pathogens paenibacillus larvae and ascosphaera apis.
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